About these algorithms
MD5 and SHA-1 are fast but cryptographically broken - fine for a checksum, never for passwords or anything security-critical. SHA-256, SHA-512, and the rest of the SHA-2 family (SHA-224, SHA-384) are the current standard for secure hashing. SHA-3 (Keccak) is a newer, structurally different family offered as an alternative to SHA-2. BLAKE2 is a modern, high-speed hash used in some cryptocurrencies. RIPEMD-160 is used alongside SHA-256 in Bitcoin address generation. SHAKE128/256 are extendable-output functions from the SHA-3 family. CRC32 and Adler-32 aren't cryptographic hashes at all - they're fast checksums meant to catch accidental data corruption, not to resist deliberate tampering.